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| c. 600 BC |
| | | Phoenicians sail round the Cape of Good Hope and bring back the surprising news that the sun was seen to the north of them | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | Nok terracotta figures, found in modern Nigeria, stand at the beginning of the rich tradition of African sculpture | |
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| from 323 BC |
| | | The spread of Greek rule by Alexander introduces the Hellenistic age, which will last for three centuries | |
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| c. 50 |
| | | A western adaptation of the Persian cult of Mithras, evolving probably in Anatolia, is spread through the empire by the Roman army | |
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| c. 100 |
| | | The network of Roman roads stretches eventually from England to Egypt | |
|  | Roman road, Pompeii
Fotofile CG
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| c. 300 |
| | | The Jews of the Diaspora have by now spread through much of the Roman empire, where they are treated with tolerance | |
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| 303 |
| | | The emperor Diocletian initiates a sustained persecution of Christians in the Roman empire | |
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| c. 670 |
| | | With the entire middle east under their control, the Arabs make Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate | |
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| c. 700 |
| | | The ancient kingdom of Ghana is the first to be established at the southern end of the Saharan trade routes | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | A Muslim dynasty is established at Gao, on the Niger | |
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